Classification of computer based on Architecture

Computers can be classified based on their architecture into several categories:

1. Von Neumann Architecture:

   • Named after mathematician and physicist John von Neumann.
   • Features a single shared memory for both data and instructions.
   • Instructions and data are fetched from memory sequentially.
   • Most modern computers, including PCs and servers, follow this architecture.

2. Harvard Architecture:

   • Features separate memory spaces for data and instructions.
   • Allows simultaneous access to data and instructions, which can improve performance.
   • Commonly used in embedded systems, digital signal processors, and microcontrollers.

3. Modified Harvard Architecture:

   • Similar to Harvard architecture but allows data and instructions to be fetched from the same memory.
   • Used in systems where data and instructions are stored separately but fetched together, such as some microcontrollers.

4. Pipelined Architecture:

   • Divides the instruction execution process into several stages (fetch, decode, execute, etc.).
   • Allows multiple instructions to be processed simultaneously, improving throughput.
   • Found in many modern CPUs to enhance performance.

5. CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer):

   • Supports a large number of complex instructions.
   • Instructions can perform multiple low-level operations.
   • Often used in general-purpose computers and older architectures like x86.

6. RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer):

   • Features a smaller set of simple and frequently used instructions.
   • Emphasizes simplicity and efficiency in instruction execution.
   • Commonly used in embedded systems, mobile devices, and high-performance computing.

These architectures have different strengths and weaknesses, influencing their suitability for specific applications and performance characteristics.